德国人为何在西zang问题上这么起劲－－德国的xi藏情节历史

在第二次世界大战前后，中国的西藏远离战区，躲过了战火与硝烟，但并没有躲过纳粹德国的视线。1938年和1943年，经希特勒批准，纳粹党卫军头子希姆莱亲自组建了两支探险队，他们深入西藏，寻找“日耳曼民族的祖先”———亚特兰蒂斯神族存在的证据，寻找能改变时间、打造“不死军团”的“地球轴心”。1945年，苏军攻克柏林后，内务人民委员会(“克格勃”前身)军官在德国帝国大厦的地下室里，发现了一名被枪杀的西藏喇嘛。这一切都使纳粹在西藏的秘密行动成为二战中一个难解的谜团。
　　希姆莱想打造神族部队
　　1933年，希特勒在德国掌权后，大肆鼓吹种族优越论，称人类每700年进化一次，最终目的是将雅利安人(在纳粹语言中，雅利安人有时指非犹太血统的白种人，更多是单指日耳曼人)这样的“优秀”人种进化为具有超常能力的新人类。希特勒手下的纳粹党卫军头子希姆莱也是一个彻头彻尾的种族主义者。他在组建党卫军之初，便明确规定，只征召那些身高在5英尺9英寸(1英尺=0.3米，1英寸=2.5厘米)以上、金发碧眼、受过良好教育、具有纯正雅利安血统的年轻人。在选拔党卫军军官时，一个最基本的条件是要求被选拔者能够证明自己的家族自1750年以来未曾与其他种族通婚。为印证元首的理论，希姆莱在1935 年，组建了一个服务于纳粹教义的“祖先遗产学会”，网罗了包括医学家、探险家、考古学家甚至江湖术士、精神病患者在内的各色“专家”，对人种、血统、古代宗教、古代遗址、神话传说等进行考察研究。到战争结束时，该学会已发展成为一个拥有40个部门的庞大机构，它不仅对犹太人进行活体实验，还通过占卜、占星等手段指导德军的军事行动。
　　在欧洲，长期流传着一个关于亚特兰蒂斯(大西洲)的传说。在传说中，亚特兰蒂斯大陆无比富有，那里的人是具有超凡能力的神族。有关它的文字描述，最早出现在古希腊哲学家柏拉图于公元前350年撰写的《对话录》中。他写道：“1.2万年前，地中海西方遥远的大西洋上，有一个令人惊奇的大陆。它被无数黄金与白银装饰着，出产一种闪闪发光的金属———山铜。它有设备完好的港口及船只，还有能够载人飞翔的物体。”亚特兰蒂斯的势力远及非洲大陆，在一次大地震后，这块大陆沉入海底，一些亚特兰蒂斯人乘船逃离，最后在中国西藏和印度落脚。这些亚特兰蒂斯人的后代曾在中亚创建过灿烂文明，后来他们中的一部分人向西北和南方迁移，分别成为雅利安人和印度人的祖先。一些纳粹专家宣称亚特兰蒂斯文明确实存在，并认为雅利安人只是因为后来与凡人结合才失去了祖先的神力。希姆莱对这个神话传说深信不疑，他相信，一旦证明雅利安人的祖先是神，只要借助选择性繁殖等种族净化手段，便能创造出具有超常能力的、所向无敌的雅利安神族部队。

　　详细调查藏族人的体貌特征
　　为了寻访先祖遗民，1938年，希姆莱奉命派遣以博物学家恩斯特·塞弗尔和人类学家布鲁诺·贝尔格为首的“德国党卫军塞弗尔考察队”奔赴西藏，这支队伍的其他成员还包括植物学家、昆虫学家和地球物理学家。这些纳粹分子拍摄的纪录片《西藏秘密》显示，他们受到了不了解他们目的的当地领主的款待。但是，这群心怀叵测的党卫军成员并没有忘记他们此行的任务。贝尔格测量了很多西藏人头部的尺寸，并将这些人的头发与其他人种的头发样本进行比对；他们还通过被测者眼球的颜色来判断其种族纯净程度；为保留数据，这些纳粹分子用生石膏对十几个藏族人进行了面部和手的翻模，制作了这些人头部、脸部、耳朵和手的石膏模型。
　　这次考察中，队员们还从当地人口中得知有一个名叫沙姆巴拉的洞穴，据说那里隐藏着蕴含无穷能量的“地球轴心”，谁能找到它，就可以得到一种生物场的保护，做到“刀枪不入”，并能够任意控制时间和事件的变化。1939年8月，考察队回到德国，受到希姆莱的热烈欢迎。希姆莱向塞弗尔颁发了“党卫军荣誉剑”。1943年1月，纳粹在慕尼黑大学设立了以瑞典考古学家斯文·赫定的名字命名的考古与人类学学院———斯文·赫定学院，塞弗尔经希姆莱推荐，被任命为首任院长。与塞弗尔同行的贝尔格也被希姆莱提升为党卫军高级军官。由此可见，纳粹分子的第一次西藏探险活动，受到了纳粹高层的充分肯定。

　　寻找“地球轴心”
　　1941年12月底，在苏联战场上的德国军队以损失50万人、1300辆坦克、2500门火炮的沉重代价，在莫斯科会战中遭到惨败。同年冬，百万德军又在斯大林格勒战役中陷入被动。面对些坏消息，希特勒和他的总参谋部一筹莫展。
　　此时，希姆莱也在为如何摆脱军事上的被动处境冥思苦想。他一方面组织江湖术士通过在大西洋地图上悬挂吊锤的荒唐办法，来寻找盟军舰队。另一方面，他想到了那个在遥远东方的“地球轴心”。此后，希姆莱面见希特勒，提出派遣一支特别行动小分队，前往西藏沙姆巴拉洞穴，找到那个能够控制全世界的“地球轴心”，然后派数千名空降兵到那里，打造一个“不死军团”；与此同时，可以颠倒“地球轴心”，使德国回到1939年，改正当初犯下的错误，重新发动战争。为此，希姆莱与希特勒密谈了6个小时，还向希特勒递交了一份2000页的报告，其中的一张地图标出了沙姆巴拉的大体位置。
　　1943年1月，由海因里希·哈勒率领的纳粹五人探险小组秘密启程赴藏。曾是职业登山运动员的哈勒是一名出生在奥地利的铁杆纳粹分子，早在1933年就加入了纳粹党。1938年德奥合并后，他又加入党卫军。在一次瑞士举行的登山比赛中，哈勒一举夺冠，充分展示了雅利安人的“优秀品质”，受到希特勒的亲自接见并与其合影留念。哈勒等人的旅程并不顺利，1943年5月，他们在印度被英军逮捕。在几次越狱失败后，哈勒等人总算成功逃出战俘营。开始，他们打算投奔日军，但后来还是决定继续执行寻找“地球轴心”的使命。由于当时的英国印度总督派驻西藏的官员理查德森对德国人采取了宽容的政策，冒充德国商品推销员的哈勒开始了他在西藏的七年之旅。没有人能够说清哈勒和他的探险小组都去了什么地方；有荒唐的传说称他们最终找到了“地球轴心”，但不知道怎样操纵它。也没有人说得清哈勒手下的3个同伴去了哪里，因为直到战争结束时，哈勒的探险小组中只剩下他和希姆莱的心腹彼得·奥夫施奈特。1948年，哈勒在拉萨成为达赖喇嘛的私人教师和政治顾问。1951年西藏和平解放时，哈勒仓皇逃往印度，为逃避审判，他选择了定居列支敦士登。此后，哈勒与达赖长期保持着密切联系。 1977年，当一些知情者揭露了哈勒的纳粹分子身份后，达赖竟然在一个记者招待会上公开为他的这位“恩师”辩护说：“我当然知道海因里希·哈勒的德国背景，而且是在德国因为第二次世界大战作为忏悔人站在全世界面前的时候。但是，我们总是被‘咬输了的狗’所感动，并因此认为，德国人在40年代末已经受到盟军的足够惩罚。”后来，哈勒撰写了回忆录《西藏七年》，但在书中并没有透露他受希姆莱之命秘密寻找“地球轴心”，以及他纳粹分子的真实身份。
　　目前，按照德国官方的说法，纳粹第一次进入西藏所拍的纪录片在1945年秋天的科隆大火中被烧毁。哈勒1951年从拉萨回到奥地利时随身携带的大量档案被英国人没收，哈勒本人也已死去。纳粹进入西藏的档案保密级别较高，按德国、英国和美国的规定，有可能在2044年后解密，也有可能永远尘封在历史中

[CP-List] Of Lamas and Nazis: The SS in Tibet–1938-39
Jeffrey St. Clair [email protected]
Mon, 19 Mar 2001 08:08:37 -0800

Hitler and the Himalayas
The SS Mission to Tibet 1938-39
ALEX McKAY

Of all the exotic images that the West has ever projected
onto Tibet, that of the Nazi expedition, and its search for
the pure remnants of the Aryan race, remains the most
bizarre.

On the nineteenth of January, 1939, five members of the
Waffen-SS, Heinrich Himmler’s feared Nazi shock troops,
passed through the ancient, arched gateway that led into the
sacred city of Lhasa. Like many Europeans, they carried with
them idealized and unrealistic views of Tibet, projecting,
as Orville Schell remarks in his book Virtual Tibet, "a
fabulous skein of fantasy around this distant, unknown
land." The projections of the Nazi expedition, however, did
not include the now familiar search for Shangri-La, the
hidden land in which a uniquely perfect and peaceful social
system held a blueprint to counter the transgressions that
plague the rest of humankind. Rather, the perfection sought
by the Nazis was an idea of racial perfection that would
justify their views on world history and German supremacy.

What brings about this odd juxtaposition of Tibetan lamas
and SS officers on the eve of World War II is a strange
story of secret societies, occultism, racial pseudo-science,
and political intrigue. They were, in fact, on a diplomatic
and quasi-scientific mission to establish relations between
Nazi Germany and Tibet and to search for lost remnants of an
imagined Aryan race hidden somewhere on the Tibetan plateau.
As such, they were a far-flung ex<x>pression of Hitler’s most
paranoid and bizarre theories on ethnicity and domination.
And while the Tibetans were completely unaware of Hitler’s
racist agenda, the 1939 mission to Tibet remains a
cautionary tale about how foreign ideas, symbols, and
terminology can be horribly misused. Some Nazi militarists
imagined Tibet as a potential ba<x>se for attacking British
India, and hoped that this mission would lead to some form
of alliance with the Tibetans. In that they were partly
successful. The mission was received by the Reting Regent
(who had led Tibet since the death of the Thirteenth Dalai
Lama in 1933), and it did succeed in persuading the Regent
to correspond with Adolf Hitler. But the Germans were also
interested in Tibet for another reason. Nazi leaders such as
Heinrich Himmler believed that Tibet might harbor the last
of the original Aryan tribes, the legendary forefathers of
the German race, whose leaders possessed supernatural powers
that the Nazis could use to conquer the world.

This was the age of European expansion, and numerous
theories provided ideological justification for imperialism
and colonialism. In Germany the idea of an Aryan or "master"
race found resonance with rabid nationalism, the idea of the
German superman distilled from the philosophy of friedrich
Nietzsche, and Wagner’s operatic celebrations of Nordic
sagas and Teutonic mythology. Long before the 1939 mission
to Tibet, the Nazis had borrowed Asian symbols and language
and used them for their own ends. A number of prominent
articles of Nazi rhetoric and symbolism originated in the
language and religions of Asia. The term "Aryan", for
example, comes from the Sanskrit word arya, meaning noble.
In the Vedas, the most ancient Hindu sc<x>riptures, the term
describes a race of light-skinned people from Central Asia
who conquered and subjugated the darker-skinned (or
Dravidian) peoples of the Indian subcontinent. Linguistic
evidence does support the multidirectional migration of a
central Asian people, now referred to as Indo-Europeans,
into much of India and Europe at some point between 2000 and
1500 B.C.E., although it is unclear whether these
Indo-Europeans were identical with the Aryans of the Vedas.

So much for responsible scholarship. In the hands of late
nineteenth- and early twentieth-century European jingoists
and occultists such as Joseph Arthur de Gobineau, these
ideas about Indo-Europeans and light-skinned Aryans were
transformed into a twisted myth of Nordic and later
exclusively German racial superiority. The German
identification with the Indo-Europeans and Aryans of the
second millennium B.C.E. gave historical precedence to
Germany’s imperial "place in the sun" and the idea that
ethnic Germans were racially entitled to conquest and
mastery. It also aided in fomenting anti-Semitism and
xenophobia, as Jews, Gypsies, and other minorities did not
share in the Aryan German’s perceived heritage as members of
a dominant race. Ideas about an Aryan or master race began
to appear in the popular media in the late nineteenth
century. In the 1890s, E. B. Lytton, a Rosicrucian, wrote a
best-selling novel around the idea of a cosmic energy
(particularly strong in the female sex), which he called
"Vril." Later he wrote of a Vril society, consisting of a
race of super-beings that would emerge from their
underground hiding-places to rule the world. His fantasies
coincided with a great interest in the occult, particularly
among the upper classes, with numerous secret societies
founded to propagate these ideas. They ranged from those
devoted to the Holy Grail to those who followed the sex and
drugs mysticism of Alastair Crowley, and many seem to have
had a vague affinity for Buddhist and Hindu beliefs.

Members of the German SS expedition. Inner circle, left to
right: Krause, Wienert, Beger, Geer, Schaefer. photo
courtesy Alex McKay

General Haushofer, a follower of Gurdjieff and later one of
Hitler’s main patrons, founded one such society. Its aim was
to explore the origins of the Aryan race, and Haushofer
named it the Vril Society, after Lytton’s fictional
creation. Its members practiced meditation to awaken the
powers of Vril, the feminine cosmic energy. The Vril Society
claimed to have l<x>inks to Tibetan masters, apparently drawing
on the ideas of Madame Blavatsky, the Theosophist who
claimed to be in telepathic contact with spiritual masters
in Tibet. In Germany, this blend of ancient myths and
nineteenth-century scientific theories began to evolve into
a belief that the Germans were the purest manifestation of
the inherently superior Aryan race, whose destiny was to
rule the world. These ideas were given scientific weight by
ill-founded theories of eugenics and racist ethnography.
Around 1919, the Vril Society gave way to the Thule Society
(Thule Gesellschaft), which was founded in Munich by Baron
Rudolf von Sebottendorf, a follower of Blavatsky. The Thule
Society drew on the traditions of various orders such as the
Jesuits, the Knights Templar, the Order of the Golden Dawn,
and the Sufis. It promoted the myth of Thule, a legendary
island in the frozen northlands that had been the home of a
master race, the original Aryans. As in the legend of
Atlantis (with which it is sometimes identified), the
inhabitants of Thule were forced to flee from some
catastrophe that destroyed their world. But the survivors
had retained their magical powers and were hidden from the
world, perhaps in secret tunnels in Tibet, where they might
be contacted and subsequently bestow their powers on their
Aryan descendants.

Such ideas might have remained harmless, but the Thule
Society added a strong right-wing, anti-Semitic political
ideology to the Vril Society mythology. They formed an
active opposition to the local Socialist government in
Munich and engaged in street battles and political
assassinations. As their symbol, along with the dagger and
the oak leaves, they adopted the swastika, which had been
used by earlier German neo-pagan groups. The appeal of the
swastika symbol to the Thule Society seems to have been
largely in its dramatic strength rather than its cultural or
mystical significance. They believed it was an original
Aryan symbol, although it was actually used by numerous
unconnected cultures throughout history. Beyond the adoption
of the swastika, it is difficult to judge the extent to
which either Tibet or Buddhism played a part in Thule
Society ideology Vril Society founder General Haushofer, who
remained active in the Thule Society, had been a German
military attache in Japan. There he may have acquired some
knowledge of Zen Buddhism, which was then the dominant faith
among the Japanese military. Other Thule Society members,
however, could only have read early German studies of
Buddhism, and those studies tended to construct the idea of
a pure, original Buddhism that had been lost, and a
degenerate Buddhism that survived, much polluted by
primitive local beliefs. It seems that Buddhism was little
more than a poorly understood and exotic element in the
Society’s loose collection of beliefs, and had little real
influence on the Thule ideology. But Tibet occupied a much
stronger position in their mythology, being imagined as the
likely home of the survivors of the mythic Thule race.

Here an SS anthropologist measures a Tibetan woman’s head.
Some German scientists believed that Aryan features were
reflected in the dimensions of the skull. (C)Transmit Films
GMBH

The importance of the Thule Society can be seen from the
fact that its members included Nazi leaders Rudolf Hess
(Hitler’s deputy), Heinrich Himmler, and almost certainly
Hitler himself. But while Hitler was at least nominally a
Catholic, Himmler enthusiastically embraced the aims and
beliefs of the Thule Society. He adopted a range of
neo-pagan ideas and believed himself to be a reincarnation
of a tenth-century Germanic king. Himmler seems to have been
strongly attracted to the possibility that Tibet might prove
to be the refuge of the original Aryans and their superhuman
powers. By the time Hitler wrote Mein Kampf in the 1920s,
the myth of the Aryan race was fully developed. In Chapter
XI, "Race and People," he expressed concern over what he
perceived as the mixing of pure Aryan blood with that of
inferior peoples. In his view, the pure Aryan Germanic races
had been corrupted by prolonged contact with Jewish people.
He lamented that northern Europe had been "Judaized" and
that the German’s originally pure blood had been tainted by
prolonged contact with Jewish people, who, he claimed, lie
"in wait for hours on end, satanically glaring at and spying
on the unsuspicious girl whom he plans to seduce,
adulterating her blood and removing her from the bosom of
her people." For Hitler, the only solution to this mingling
of Aryan and Jewish blood was for the tainted Germans to
find the wellsprings of Aryan blood. It may happen that in
the course of history such a people will come into contact a
second time, and even oftener, with the original founders of
their culture and may not even remember that distant
association. A new cultural wave flows in and lasts until
the blood of its standard-bearers becomes once again
adulterated by intermixture with the originally conquered
race. In the search for "contact a second time" with the
Aryans, Tibet-long isolated, mysterious, and remote-seemed a
likely candidate.